Brief Article Teaches You the Ins and Outs of Nursing School Scholarship Essay Samples and What You Should Do Today

<h1> Brief Article Teaches You the Ins and Outs of Nursing School Scholarship Essay Samples and What You Should Do Today </h1> <h2> Ok, I Think I Understand Nursing School Scholarship Essay Samples, Now Tell Me About Nursing School Scholarship Essay Samples! </h2> <p>The nursing school article presentation is the most basic part. At the point when it has to do with getting into nursing school, an awesome confirmation article is at the center of the decision. A nursing exposition is among the records that you should present to have the option to be admitted to a nursing school. To support your chances of getting confirmation, you need to utilize an example nursing affirmation exposition to procure bits of knowledge of how to create confirmation papers. </p> <p>Your own announcement should consolidate the drawn out objectives you have for you vocation in nursing. Late investigations show that the measure of men entering vocations in nursing is foreseen to ascend over coming decades. The confirmations official ought to fathom why you wish to take on such an individual test and what makes you capable and arranged to acknowledge the entangled activity of Nursing School. Start your searchA nursing individual proclamation model, for example, that appeared here's a phenomenal method to completely see exactly what you need to give. </p> <h2> The Debate Over Nursing School Scholarship Essay Samples </h2> <p>There are a large number of fabulous nursing sites which have steady on-line networks, accommodating recommendations and helpful assets for you to utilize. There is a specific district in a medical attendant's heart that attracts them to the kind of work that we do. In the event that anybody should form into a me dical caretaker, they ought to do as such for the suitable components. Regardless of the explanation could be, for most of us, it's unique. </p> <p>However numerous school grant web indexes which you use, you will discover a grant which will assist you with covering school. Regardless of what you might want to do, you can find a grant that relates to you and will help you to cover school. A grant is an award that capacities as a guide for an understudy to be able to accomplish a particular level of instruction. Numerous grants are given to quite certain gatherings or sorts of understudies, so be sure that you fit inside that gathering. </p> <p>For your school grant exposition, you may be gotten some information about your vocation targets. Simply being considered to present an application for a grant is as of now a joy and an accomplishment that you should be satisfied with. Another superb spot to search for helpful example papers is on some of the vocation locales. Understudies from a few streams having a splendid scholastic history are qualified for apply. </p> <p>Make sure that the paper is written in the assigned style. It ought to incorporate an Introduction, a Body, and a Conclusion. An incredible article is one which leaves an enduring impression. No chance of grumbling about the assignments whether it's an article or research paper will be given by me to the teachers at any cost. </p> <p>You may investigate our Essay Outline Template to guide you in the innovation of such archive. There are a few assortments of papers, it isn't hard to shed an eye on the entirety of your composing assignments. An exposition diagram will permit you to arrange the general structure of your paper. The articles point could be about. </p> <p>Having us to address any of the issues that you may confront when thinking of grant exposition subjects will be suggested for you. You wish to use your paper for an instrument to show why you have to go to their school, versus just expressing why you wish to go there. You may likewise get any medical caretaker article model which you ought to lift your composition. Remember, affirmation officials read various papers so it's imperative to stand out from different candidates. </p> <h2> Ruthless Nursing School Scholarship Essay Samples Strategies Exploited </h2> <p>Therefore, you don't should be worried about your private data at whatever point you request with us. So on the grounds that you can see, the enlistment strategy is incredibly simple and reasonable, so there are no problems or stunt to do that effectively. The two models handle the specific topic (debilitated parent) however use different methodologies. The general arrangement of your paper, f or instance, text dimension and edges, will exclusively depend on the directions offered to you. </p>

What Is The Measures Section Of A Research Paper

What Is The Measures Section Of A Research Paper?When somebody takes on an exploration venture it is significant that they realize how to approach reviewing the segment that mentions to you what is the measures area of an examination paper. It is a significant segment and one of the segments that must be composed very carefully.First, this area ought to be brief and useful. This implies you would prefer not to have anything in there that is going to take excessively long. This is one reason why numerous understudies battle with this area.Now at that point, the significance of this segment is significant. This is on the grounds that it is the thing that mentions to the peruser what the central matters of the undertaking are and how significant every one of them are. It likewise mentions to you what you will be taking a gander at when you take a gander at the consequences of the project.It is critical to specify what the segments are called. You should allude to the area of the paper t oo. For instance, when you are experiencing the consequences of the examination you should comprehend what the measures area of the paper is called. When you have utilized the paper in class, you can allude back to it for reference when you are giving a lecture.A decent approach to doing this is to utilize the section headings toward the start of the paper. This will enable you to recall what the segments are called. It is likewise suggested that you utilize the various segments of the paper when you are doing your notes.The last segment that must be remembered for the paper is the outcomes area. This is a segment that you are going to use in class and this is an area that all understudies need to peruse. This is the segment that mentions to the peruser what has been practiced in the project.The most significant thing to specify in this segment is that you have secured the key territories that the understudy needs to think about. The key focuses incorporate the key inquiries posed, who will take a gander at these key inquiries, what different territories were explored, what different methodologies were thought of, and what results were returned.So you can see that there are extremely just three areas that are remembered for this segment. There are the title, the end, and the primary concern. The title will educate the peruser regarding the title of the segment, while the end will mention to the peruser what it is about, and the central matter will give the peruser the primary concern of the segment.

Who Else Wants to Learn About Act Essay Writing Samples?

<h1>Who Else Wants to Learn About Act Essay Writing Samples? </h1> <p>There's no one right technique to answer to the viewpoints the ACT offers you. Getting ready to consider models (that aren't TOO clearly made up) can give you a colossal favorable position on the ACT paper. Perhaps the best approaches to see how you well you've scored unbiasedly is to check at your ACT Writing percentiles. That by itself ought to exhibit how extreme it's to locate a 12 on ACT Writing.</p> <p>The understudy record format is the key to deciphering the document you get from ACT. Understudies may gain totally free access to these. Help your understudies prepare for the ACT. </p> <p>The article shows a generally excellent order of language. To forestall this current, it's required to take a gander at how the master creators manage without rehashing the words showing the chief character or the arrangement of occasions. Separate words are exorbitantly limited and explicit, and the foremost thought or theme is very hard to pass on. Moreover, you don't have to write in complete sentences, or expression things as richly as you will in the real article, and along these lines don't worry about that.</p> <p>Within this area you'll discover tests of papers having a place with a few exposition types and habits of arranging. For you to be instructed further with the nuts and bolts of specialized composition, here are a couple of tests and formats you'll have the option to use as your reference. What you cannot deny is that the paper area has zero impact on your general score. This area comprises of two instances of predominant school expositions. </p> <p>We offer more than 20 diverse affirmation exposition tests for nothing out of pocket. PaperCoach will have the option to assist you with every one of your papers, so take a glance as of now! Understudies may comprehend their themes utilizing the examples promptly accessible on our site. </p> <p>Narrative composing has become the most straightforward kind of work. Review, specialized essayists should comprehend what they're composing. Our skilled essayists understand that time is significant. It's just typical to be restless about recruiting an on-line paper essayist since you can't ever be certain whether you are utilizing the proper help or not. </p> <h2> Act Essay Writing Samples - the Conspiracy </h2> <p>The paper demonstrates an understanding of the undertaking. It shows an away from of the assignment. It gives some comprehension of the errand. It shows a frail comprehension of the errand. </p> <p>Attempt not to form the de termination in a surge at the past second, since it leaves the general impression of your work. An expressive presentation is among the general methods, and associates the subject of the work by methods for your background. You ought to have your reasons, and our chief concern is that you end up getting a brilliant evaluation. When it is feasible, it will take a great deal of commitment and penance, and a ton of help as well. </p> <p>The essential point of the acquaintance is with carry the peruser to the significant part. You should begin your work with the examination of the subject, on the grounds of the investigation of the subject of the exposition, you choose the material, the key realities, and the vital purposes of your paper. The following rubric outline can assist you with bettering comprehend the elements of composing this appraisal assesses. The test portrays an issue and gives three unmistakable points of view on the issue. </p> <p>For this article, you will be evaluated fair and square of your writing notwithstanding how well your reaction speaks to the key purposes of the sound clasp and composed section and the manner by which they identify with each other. In these past 2-4 minutes, you wish to peruse your paper and looking to get a point or two by updating. The article may not take a situation on the issue, or the exposition may take a position yet don't pass on motivations to help that position, or the paper may take a position however don't support a position. At that point manage contention restricting yours (in this case, Perspective One). </p> <p>Whenever you pick to approach us for talented direction, don't spare a moment to connect with our help directors. No installment is required for these administrations. You can have confidence that whenever you need our composing administration, we'll be accessible to help you process them. Indeed, even in the occasion the cutoff time is i n reality close, don't hesitate to get hold of our supervisors. </p> <h2> The Fundamentals of Act Essay Writing Samples Revealed </h2> <p>In request to develop an intelligent chain, you are needing an arrangement of composing. The experience end up being a positive one. A horrendous epigraph can ruin even prevalent work and will impact the last grade. So your considerations should stream in an appropriate buy. </p> <h2>What Act Essay Writing Samples Is - and What it Is Not </h2> <p>For that reason, it's better for yourself to determine a period breaking point and endeavor to make an article inside this time (in the test, this will give you certainty and that the time that you're given is sufficient for you). Articles inside this score run show nearly nothing if any ability in reacting to the undertaking. Seeing how to make various types out of articles will just help you a restricted amount. These tests are made to gauge abilities whic h are generally significant for achievement in postsecondary instruction and which are procured in auxiliary training. </p>

6 Types of Essay Questions You May Need to Answer While Applying for College

When applying to a college, you are traditionally required to write an essay – and it is one of the most important parts of your application and you should approach it with utmost care. Although questions you may be asked vary from university to university and from year to year, there are certain basic lines along which they usually go – and with preparation, they all can be dealt with. 1. Describe Yourself This question with variations is the most widespread prompt. It allows to gain some additional information about you and see how well you present yourself. It may look intimidating at a glance due to its open-endedness – but it gets easier if you look at it as an opportunity to tell about yourself what couldn’t have been told in the papers you’ve submitted to the college. Tell the most important facts, your primary interests and aspirations. Don’t write a memoir, though – focus on a point or two and drive them home. 2. Why Do You Want to Attend This Particular College? Essay questions of this kind probe your goals and aspirations. The application committee tries to find whether you are determined to attend this particular college or just send your application to every school in the country. If you can mention a specific reason to choose this college – for example, a specific department – do it, but make sure you know what you are writing about. 3. Comment on a Quote Everything depends on what kind of quote you get. It may be something straightforward or chosen for its quirkiness. It is hard to give any particular tips here except to be open-minded and avoid repeating run-of-the-mill phrases and ideas. Try to be witty, but don’t overdo it – don’t be funny for the funniness sake. 4. Choose between Alternatives and Justify Your Choice Usually you are given a choice where both alternatives are ambiguous and cannot be outright called right or wrong. Before you select anything, you should think carefully on what moral or logical grounds you are going to do it, and prepare a well-defined explanation. 5. Pose Your Own Question Sometimes you are told to ask your own question and answer it as you see fit. It is done to check how well you manage responsibility and complete freedom of choice – whether you are able to write something interesting or original, or will have to fall back to clichà ©s. Try writing about something you are really passionate about – just don’t spend too much time trying to choose an ideal topic. 6. Tell about Your Favorite Book or Other Work of Fiction It is often said that you are what you read, and this prompt is based on this assumption. The most important thing here is to be honest – you won’t impress anybody if you write how much you are fascinated and impressed by â€Å"Lord of the Flies† if you can’t stand it, or have never read it at all. These prompts are by no means the only ones employed by colleges – but they are going to give you a pretty good idea of what to expect and how to tackle it.

The Tried and True Method for Eng 102 Research Paper Topics in Step by Step Detail

<h1>The Tried and True Method for Eng 102 Research Paper Topics in Step by Step Detail </h1> <p>Today you can settle on a choice with regards to what request you have to introduce your thoughts in. You should offer foundation data intended for your specific crowd so they can unmistakably comprehend your contentions and the centrality of the difficult you're investigating. In case you're expounding on social issues, you will as a rule be expounding on the manner in which the point influences bigger gatherings of individuals, similar to how destitution influences an entire age. Fortunately, there are huge amounts of incredible spots to search out motivation and the resulting list contains just a couple of proposals to help kick you off. </p> <h2> What the In-Crowd Won't Tell You About Eng 102 Research Paper Topics </h2> <p>We'll manage them, and at a moderate cost, as we comprehend that understudies for the most part don't have a lot of cash to save. Medical caretaker experts have one of the snappiest developing vocations in the country, and we have the entirety of the information you have to comprehend about what things to envision from nurture specialist school. In certain occurrences, understudies basically devise the examination and envision the plausible outcomes that may happen. Regularly, they think that its hard to pick the correct theme for their exploration. </p> <p>The achievement of an exploration paper generally is reliant upon the subject, which is the reason a large number of time is spent looking for the best research paper points for undergrads. In any case, you can be sure that you're getting a fine work at the cost label you're paying. In the beginning, it would appear that an enormous activity. You ought to have your reasons, and our essential concern is that you end up getting an extraordinary evaluation. </p> <h2> Introducing Eng 102 Research Paper Topics </h2> <p>Proposal expositions are average in organization and science classes and callings, but at the same time are convenient for an assortment of remarkable orders. This is required for all courses which are a piece of the General Education Core Requirements. What should be possible so as to make an all the more balanced educational plan for center and higher school students.</p> <h2> The Hidden Treasure of Eng 102 Research Paper Topic s </h2> <p>PaperCoach will have the option to assist you with every one of your papers, so investigate the occasion! Research papers are attempting, however also they have the ability to be fairly fulfilling. A paper is consistently more straightforward to compose in case you're keen on this issue, and you will be increasingly roused to do top to bottom research and create a paper that really covers the full subject. Each paper requests exertion and time. </p> <p>Grading A huge piece of the course will be dependent upon an inquired about contention paper. When you have decided the kind of research structure you will utilize, yet before you plunk down and begin to compose your paper, there are just a couple of things that you have to take a gander at doing that will assist with causing the act of writing to go a lot of smoother. To start exploring nearby issues, head directly to neighborhood papers and web sources. </p> <p>Be sure the title isn't replicated and legitimizes your examination. Remember, proposition papers fill a need past scholarly world. Since they are a kind of pugnacious paper, you need to be certain the article is deserving of a contention. As it were, a proposition exposition recognizes an issue and recommends a solution for that issue. </p> <p>Check our abstract investigation exposition guide to figure out how papers of such kind should be An artistic examination is in any case alluded to as a significant investigation. Discovering research paper subjects on the net is relatively simple and your pursuit should yield an assortment of thoughts. It can at present change, yet you need to present a rundown of at least 10 sources appropriate to your point at this moment. Not all examination paper points are made equivalent, and you might want to promise you settle on an amazing theme before you begin composing. </p> <p>Attempting to make an exploration paper on a theme that doesn't have a ton of research on it's inconceivably hard, so before you pick a point, do a smidgen of fundamental looking and be sure you're have all the data you should make your paper. Finding a decent theme is only one of the most huge advances when composing any sort of paper. After the subject is picked, it is useful to make a layout so you could see whether you have adequate data for good-organized research paper. The chief focal points and weaknesses of re-appropriating. </p> <h2> The Good, the Bad and Eng 102 Research Paper Topics </h2> <p>If you're keen on your theme, finding out about it'll be progressively pleasurable and you'll compose with expanded energy, so select your point insightfully. All you will require is the best possible subject. Regardless of whether a particular research paper subject is getting a lot of buzz right now or others appear to be keen on expounding on it, do n't feel enticed to make it your theme in the event that you don't really have some sort of enthusiasm for it moreover. Distinguishing a theme for your examination can be intense, however there are numerous incredible ways to deal with produce fascinating thoughts. </p>

The Pre Written Research Papers for Sale Diaries

<h1> The Pre Written Research Papers available to be purchased Diaries </h1> <h2>The Key to Successful Pre Written Research Papers available to be purchased </h2> <p>Get arranged to get 100% unique research projects available to be purchased from, on the off chance that you are looking for non-counterfeited research papers that could make your life simpler and. On the off chance that you've made plans to buy a research project on the web, be sure to peruse a guide beneath on the most proficient method to not get misled when utilizing internet composing administrations. In the event that you might want to get an examination paper, web based composing administration like our own is definitely what you require. </p> <p>If you should form a research project, yet don't comprehend what activities with it, we've arranged the fundamental data for you. Research projects are generally intended to portray an occasion, a thought, or contend a point. Along these lines, it's imperative to confide in your scholarly papers to the local speakers as an approach to locate the normal result. Welcome to, the most dependable research project composing administration at which you can find the absolute best school research papers available to be purchased. </p> <p>Are you looking for school paper administrations. It's immensely critical to initiate getting ready story and research articles early, ideally on the specific day it was relegated! Put out a little league and cash to get the exposition you were unable to try and envision. Presently you can buy certifiable school article on the web, one that is going to accommodate your money related arrangement and complete your work as well. </p> <p>So when you have an exposition appointed that you need support with, you can buy paper online modest from us. At first of all, on the off chance that you need to incorporate things like an exposition, a smart thought is to comprehend whatever you scan for to reach. The kind of paper you're searching for will be offered to you inside the cutoff time gave to you. You can without much of a stretch purchase one of a kind school articles and don't disregard to inform loved ones concerning it. </p> <h2>Top Pre Written Research Papers available to be purchased Choices </h2> <p>You can start by purchasing from trustworthy and organizations which are settled. There's the ought to understand that you get exceptional work which isn't the reorder sort of research ventures. It's conceivable to discover unrivaled work at a reasonable cost even in todays world. In the ebb and flow web smart world it is conceivable to procure anything you might want, including resear ch papers available to be purchased. </p> <p>Who realized article composing may be so extreme. Else, you are likely thinking about what you could do so as to get your exploration paper done in time and limit your chances of bombing the class. In such case you will utilize a couple of sagacious indications made to tailor your exploration paper composing abilities close to flawlessness. Along with theory proclamation, it is critical to incorporate the correct end explanation at the finish of the pre-composed paper. </p> <p>If you might want to realize where to get a solid research paper, don't be hesitant to peruse the accompanying expertly composed instructional exercise that might be advantageous. Regardless of whether you are needing a thesis in multi week or an examination paper in 5-8 hours, we're set up to manage the test. Coming up next are a couple of the things that you need to consider for you to be in a situation to run over the spot you can get an e xtraordinary research paper. </p> <p>Most teachers visit the web to secure papers that were composed already. Ordinarily, understudies are on a little spending plan, so they're searching for economical research papers to arrange. It's currently dangerous to buy inquire about papers with most of teachers setting out to utilize written falsification checkers. </p> <h2> What Everybody Dislikes About Pre Written Research Papers available to be purchased and Why </h2> <p>Even then you're not ready to find the educational and exact information. Papers ought to be submitted along with the enrollment expense. </p> <p>To have the option to demand accurately a similar author who did the totally free research paper you enjoyed, and give him your task to complete, you may go to our huge database that has the profiles for each independent essayist with whom we collaborate. Anyway, understudies regularly require look into paper composing help since it's altogether different from their firs t composing assignments as to each angle. So should you have to utilize school article essayist on the web, we're only the individuals that you need to contact. While the facts confirm that there are a couple of amazing authors in school some discover it very intense to compose. </p> <h2> The Little-Known Secrets to Pre Written Research Papers for Sale</h2> <p>Regardless of what type you might want Business Studies, Microeconomics, Business Management and Financial Accounting, we're here to serve your prerequisites. Composing is a current that falls into place without a hitch. Research projects For Sale is the perfect proposal to make sure about you instructive life less complex! What's a Professional Learning Community. </p>

College Essay About Being Mixed Race - Writing a College Essay About Being Mixed Race

<h1>College Essay About Being Mixed Race - Writing a College Essay About Being Mixed Race</h1><p>Do you need to compose a school exposition about being blended race? In this article I will go over the subjects that you should be comfortable with so as to be effective recorded as a hard copy an exposition that will be acknowledged by your school. This will incorporate subjects, for example, utilizing phrasing and the utilization of language thus forth.</p><p></p><p>The first thing that you ought to be worried about when composing a school article about being blended race is keeping away from the basic errors that are frequently connected with being blended race. A great many people who are blended race have needed to manage these regular issues in their lives already.</p><p></p><p>The second thing that you have to concentrate on when composing a school exposition about being blended race is utilizing appropriate languag e structure. These two things together can represent the moment of truth your essay.</p><p></p><p>For model, on the off chance that you are utilizing an expression that should be utilized in formal composed material then you may have an issue. This is on the grounds that the best possible utilization of language structure and appropriate accentuation is significant for the exposition to be acknowledged by your college.</p><p></p><p>The last thing that you have to recall when composing a school paper about being blended race is the utilization of legitimate spelling. There are commonly when certain letters have been dropped, grammatical errors have been made and spellings have been made incorrectly.</p><p></p><p>The last thing that you have to do is to concentrate on doing some exploration before you really plunk down and compose the paper. There are numerous acceptable assets out there that will assist you with this task.</p><p></p><p>While you are doing the exploration, you have to remember the principle focal point of the paper. The focal point of this specific paper is to help the individuals who might be searching for data regarding the matter of being blended race.</p><p></p><p>In the end, composing a school article about being blended race can be simpler than you may might suspect. Simply ensure that you center around utilizing appropriate sentence structure and ensuring that you get the correct spelling.</p>

Sample Essay Loss of Identity on The Handmaids Tale

<h1>Sample Essay Loss of Identity on The Handmaid's Tale</h1><p>While this article isn't proposed to give you a duplicate of an example paper on the life of Jane Eyre, it is an example exposition loss of character on the anecdotal book The Handmaid's Tale. I would propose that you attempt to peruse this example exposition a few times over as somewhat of a manual for what is to come.</p><p></p><p>While perusing this article, you will become familiar with the essential pieces of an example paper on anybody's life in a situation where their personality is being compromised or controlled by others. The most significant thing to recollect is that this example article test is written in a First Person Point of View (from the perspective of the individual) and along these lines is a fiction dependent on a genuine story. Remember that one doesn't need to be a specialist to compose such papers. Truth be told, this example is written in a conversationa l tone that will empower you to comprehend the writer as he/she composed it.</p><p></p><p>This test article loss of personality test is joined by a chapter by chapter list, which will make it simpler for you to discover what you are searching for, as I generally will in general beginning with my title. As you experience the example exposition, recollect that it isn't intended to give all of you the data you have to think about Jane Eyre. Be that as it may, by perusing this article you will get familiar with certain things you ought to have the option to do when you are composing your own essays.</p><p></p><p>When you are done perusing this example exposition, you will have a few things to consider, for example, how to utilize the word decision to get the point across adequately. You can either give a couple of explicit models, or compose a couple of passages that spread a similar subject as the example paper. On the off chance that you need to be more innovative and include your own style, take a stab at making your own example expositions that give your own insights.</p><p></p><p>I would propose that you don't expect that your article will run for 500 pages or more in light of the fact that an example paper loss of personality on The Handmaid's Tale is just around a 800-word piece. It tends to be placed into the type of a story, be that as it may, an elegantly composed exposition doesn't need to follow a similar configuration as a story. You don't need to put any title toward the start of your exposition to provide the peruser some guidance, in any case, with regards to your part titles you should incorporate a title that portrays the subject of your article. This is significant in light of the fact that a peruser is bound to begin perusing a part, when the title of the section alludes to a particular topic.</p><p></p><p>I would likewise recommend that you don't ut ilize an excessive number of various sorts of words in your article test loss of character on The Handmaid's Tale. Recollect that the primary reason for your paper is to introduce a genuine story that has been told commonly previously. An extraordinary case of how not to compose an example article loss of personality on The Handmaid's Tale is in the sentence 'Rebecca quickly perceives the Handmaid as a mass of dull hair.'</p><p></p><p>So, what are you hanging tight for? Feel free to begin. As you survey this example exposition you will start to see a couple of things you have to remember when you are composing your own articles. Ensure you can compose a first individual account without utilizing such a large number of subtleties that are not necessary.</p>

Topics For Research Paper In Management

<h1>Topics For Research Paper In Management</h1><p>There are numerous ebb and flow themes for explore paper in the board. The points may cover similar subjects, however they are likewise very unique. So as to make a decent theme for inquire about paper in the board, you should keep these rules in mind.</p><p></p><p>One of the most significant interesting points while doing an exploration paper is simply the subject. You have to pick themes that you find intriguing. On the off chance that you don't discover anything intriguing, there is no reason for doing an examination paper. The theme for your examination paper must not be something you discover exhausting, or you should revise it in the long run.</p><p></p><p>Another thing to consider while doing an exploration paper is whether you need to investigate a subject all alone, or in the event that you need to work with others. Numerous schools have numerous employees who represent considerable authority in a specific territory. Huge numbers of these educators may have distributed their discoveries in an uncommon book or diary. These teachers may likewise have the position to compose on the point for your exploration paper.</p><p></p><p>In request to discover flow subjects for inquire about paper in the board, you ought to ask your college consultant. Furthermore, you should contact the Graduate School of Management for their ebb and flow inquire about points. Most master's level college have a few distinct divisions. On the off chance that one division has one specific point, different offices frequently have their own thoughts. This implies you will likely have the option to discover ebb and flow points for examine paper in the board by taking a gander at the alumni school.</p><p></p><p>Other things to remember while doing an examination paper is simply the exploration subjects. Research subjects sho uld be authentic and by and large acknowledged by the majority of the expert world. You additionally need to discover points that are substantial. This implies the examination must be finished and checked to be accurate.</p><p></p><p>Last, yet not least, you have to discover a theme for your exploration paper that individuals can identify with. So as to do this, you ought to make a profile on a web index. By entering your subject of research, you will give Google an image of what sort of individuals might want to peruse your examination paper. You will likewise get the names of the individuals you are keen on perusing your exploration paper. You would then be able to peruse their profiles, and discover what individuals consider the topic.</p><p></p><p>In request to concoct subjects for your exploration paper, you ought to think about some key focuses in your theme. You should attempt to discover points that are intriguing and effective ly justifiable. On the off chance that conceivable, attempt to discover themes that others have expounded on. By doing this, you will discover themes for your exploration paper that is fascinating and simple to understand.</p>

What Does Negotiation Essay Topics Mean?

<h1> What Does Negotiation Essay Topics Mean? </h1> <p>Even however this can be compensating for either side, the technique is frequently long and confounded. As a Dave Lennox Premier Dealer, we can flexibly you with some of the best heaters and forced air systems out there. On the other side, the term of aircraft industry work exchanges have a tendency to haul out. </p> <p>On the contrary side we can say that arrangement is certainly not a serious game. Over the earlier years sports and amusement business has developed quickly. It has numerous sorts of agreements contrasted with sports industry. As an end, our gathering of talented specialists likewise gives a last decision which will assist you with settling on a very much educated decision. </p> <h2> The 30-Second Trick for Negotiation Essay Topics </h2> <p>Include everything which you accept is important and adequate to achieve an understanding. Meeting accomplices ought to ha ve the absolute best possible part to manage the thing. We needed to have a gathering with our group to have the option to talk about additional on the subject of various open doors that we could get from the arrangement that we didn't dissect previously. For some of them you will need support, while others you'll have the option to compose completely all alone. </p> <p>As an approach to additionally build up this comprehension, the utilization of attitudes and qualities are appeared. The carrier business exchange process has a penchant to draw out for expanded terms. By perusing this area you will learn if dire cutoff times are acknowledged and in the occasion the business to be sure regards your cutoff times. Among the difficulties inside this case was data asymmetry. </p> <p>A perception of social hypothesis inside this way is a critical component in portraying society's effect on arrangements. This option has the organized settlement approach. Moreover, the various types of exchange procedures (like serious versus agreeable) frequently lead to meeting liberated from any expectation of sufficient goals. This readiness step will likewise allow to see all the factors you may use during the arrangement, which are for the most part the few alternatives you're ready to offer, for example the various administrations that you can or not, include your arrangement. </p> <p>The exposition isn't the least difficult undertaking to ace. This thesis fundamentally surveys the numerous sorts of ADR. Perusing model papers works the very same way! It's critical to peruse cautiously exposition administrations surveys, since you might want to forestall low great administrations. </p> <p>Locating a strong subject is only one of the most noteworthy strides for composing any kind of paper. Finding a repairman is exactly what you need to do. Nonappearance of specialized capacities, on the other side, may deny a member the advantage of haggling from an informed position. </p> <p>For occurrence, when the representative in the ticket counter is getting a specialist sales rep, it's a more prominent possibility for the huge gathering of clients to mastermind the excursion there and pull in those clients who can't settle on the buying choice to buy the ticket. In the first place, you must make sense of the entirety of your accessible decisions. You may even look at a few audits and after that settle on the business which best suits your prerequisites and sensibly estimated financial plan. Our surveys contain subtleties, for example, the score of the customers, our rating, beginning costs, Discounts, and grade of the papers. </p> <p>Knowing in this way, it is easy to perceive any reason why bunches of people rely upon cooling. People have a tendency to regard the troublesome nose individual rather than the delicate'' individual. The underlying idea of most of people is to just stopped paying. It's additionally valuable to attempt to recollect that normally, individuals much of the time request more than they hope to get. </p> <h2>The Birth of Negotiation Essay Topics </h2> <p>This exchange strategy includes the two gatherings attempting to exceed the other to have the option to profit more. You just need to endure at the top of the priority list that business arrangements are of great noteworthiness in the development of business relations. Arrangement for the most part conveys the temperances so the various components that different the two people would help settle the existent issue. What's more, it is the most fitting and viable compromise technique. </p> <p>Not all activities are the final product of social contrasts. Despite the length of such examples, the results ordinarily progress towards intercession as well as discretion in the event that that either party can't agree. The 2 gatherings in a contention can decide to meet, and go over the components that sway the relationship. A result as a potential outcome of arrangement. </p> <p>Negotiation is a run of the mill human movement. Today, it is a piece of the world we live in. It requires a blend of assorted abilities and polished methodology as the arranging procedure is often confronted with issues. Discussion about the value of community arrangement. </p> <p>Equally, when an arrangement procedure fizzles, it is essential an outsider mediator is associated with request to ensure the targets are achieved. The adaptability an arbitrator can welcome on the situation is in like manner a significant capacity in the exchange practice. The significant contrast between those that are effective arbitrators and individuals that are not exists in this limit both to deceive and not to be deluded. In their most significant exchange models, business mediators can gain from popular moderators they would be brilliant to invest a decent arrangement of energy contemplating what might happen in case of stalemate in the present negotiationand searching for methods to create their BATNA better. </p> <h2> The Hidden Gem of Negotiation Essay Topics</h2> <p>If you're feeling that you require an individual to make my article as of now, you can simply depend on our legit surveys. All things considered, all of them would appear in t he general rundown. The survey is going to encourage all of you should comprehend and afterward it's conceivable to put your buy certainly. It takes just 5 minutes to peruse a survey and find out whatever you need to think about that firm. </p>

Most Noticeable Good Personal Essay Topics for College Applications

<h1> Most Noticeable Good Personal Essay Topics for College Applications </h1> <p>Today's tips focus on the individual article. So you don't really need to find a theme! This exposition subject is a brilliant possibility for humor. When composing this exposition, select a subject of intrigue. </p> <p>One other incredible thing is should you pick one of the individual paper points for school applications, you will be in a situation to stand out from the horde of individuals prone to pick simpler themes. Having recently said that there's nothing of the sort as a perfect answer, furthermore, realize that a couple of answers become utilized a decent arrangement, and that may make it all the more testing to make an exposition on such subject that will get took note. Your answer shouldn't be a book report. </p> <p>The creator begins with a fairly complete story of an occasion or depiction of an individual or spot. In our pages you'll discover numerous techniques and parts of exhortation which can assist you with making that type out of paper. Remember, a heavenly article like each phenomenal story should have a beginning, center and end. Your accounts aren't far from being obviously true. </p> <p>Unique things to different people, since the circumstance requested. Choose a particular subject that others may not consider, and whatever you select, verify you know a great deal about it! It is an opportunity to exhibit understudies' strange technique for deduction. Or on the other hand, additionally, get another person to do it! </p> <h2> The War Against Good Personal Essay Topics for College Applications </h2> <p>Suddenly, you're in an absolutely new circumstance, and should accomplish something, yet you need zero thought what. While you can't foresee each article question, knowing the absolute most normal ones may give you a preferred position on applications. It's very simple to use alongside plain as day. Begin with clarifying the second's centrality and your desire to encounter that, at that point depict your very own association with it. </p> <p>If you maintain a strategic distance from all grants like an exposition brief, you can miss out on significant grant cash. From multiple points of vie w, the paper is the most critical area of the school application. It is effectively one of the most troublesome pieces of the school application process. In about each situation, an awesome school paper incorporates both. </p> <p>We'll likewise assist you with perceiving various aspects of school affirmations papers and individual articulations. In opposition to what you could think, you article isn't a spot to demonstrate your value to go to school. To help you, we've rattled off a couple of mainstream school article subjects. PaperCoach will have the option to assist you with every one of your papers, so investigate the occasion! </p> <p>In reality, school affirmations are sure to remain serious throughout the following quite a while. Also, a huge number of secondary school seniors everywhere throughout the nation have started the act of rounding out school applications. We have amassed a definitive manual for reading for the SAT to flexibly you with the complexities of the best approaches to examine. Universities are progressively disposed to concede understudies who can explain certain clarifications for why the school is an incredible fit about them past its notoriety or positioning on any rundown. </p> <p>It's easy to find that most of the composing understudies do is hardbut bunches of it is really easy, as well. The more data you find out about the school, the better the chance you'll pick one that satisfies your necessities. Universities need to comprehend what you're looking for, so they can make certain they're offering what you need to guarantee school is a glad, fruitful encounter for you. Besides, the school would already be able to watch the rundown of camps and grants in another part of the application. </p> <h2>Good Personal Essay Topics for College Applications and Good Personal Essay Topics for College Applications - The Perfect Combination </h2> <p>Your expositions should be extraordinary. Stephen's exposition is very successful. Inside this article, endeavor to stay positive. Finally, survey your exposition ordinarily. </p> <p>Individual schools here and there need supplemental articles. It is difficult to exaggerate the value of an affirmation article. If you don't mind note that a couple of these school article models could be reacting to prompts that are done being utilized. </p> <h2>Who Else Wants to Learn About Good Personal Essay Topics for College Applications? </h2> <p>In your very own announcement, be that as it may, the entrance advisory board should make sure about some sentiment of your genuine voice. Peruse your individual articulation so anyone might hear as you alter to ensure it sounds regular. The finish of this individual articulation is an exceptionally compelling look at the manner in which the understudy sees the planet, and that is a pivotal piece of a flourishing article. In sequential order to form your very own announcement. </p>

Kids, Work and High School Scholarship Essay Samples

<h1> Kids, Work and High School Scholarship Essay Samples</h1> <h2> The Demise of High School Scholarship Essay Samples </h2> <p>Don't utilize any extravagant textual styles as it can create the article appear to be casual. A great deal of you may be realizing a framework gives an indication about the trait of an exposition. The more eyes you acquire on your underlying drafts, the better. Having a framework can make the composing some portion of the paper go significantly smoother. </p> <h2> Using High School Scholarship Essay Samples </h2> <p>The edge you will use in the record can have an immense influence on the general look of the letter. The absolute arrangement of your article, for instance, text dimension and edges, will exclusively depend on the guidelines gave to you. The past passage will go about as your decision. Your next section ought to contain supporting subtleties that may additionally discuss the subject that you 've introduced on the absolute first passage. </p> <h2> The Definitive Approach for High School Scholarship Essay Samples </h2> <p>When you're in secondary school, it's distinct that you're anticipated to do a couple reviews and tasks which require pen and paper. Clearly, you have to utilize better than average jargon. For example, the creator tends to the way that American history classes don't for the most part address about the Vietnam War, in spite of the way that it happened only a constrained time back. In prior occasions be that as it may, home has been associated with places of differing sizes, hues and structures. </p> <h2> How to Choose High School Scholarship Essay Samples</h2> <p>Being welcomed for a grant application is a wonderful encounter that is the reason you need to make without a doubt the most out of it. Not every person can manage the cost of prevalent training, and that is the reason a few people today choose for join the foundation's grant program. </p> <p>The fundamental motivation behind why it's vital for you to ensure you will make an exhaustive and extensive grant paper is an aftereffect of the advantages that it might give to your grant application. A lot of grant awards are presently made accessible these days, and an expanding number of understudies acknowledge there are roads they can go to accomplish achievement in their examinations, yet more to the point, in their imminent professions. In the event that you need more cash to cover school, all things considered, you will apply for a few school grants. </p> <p>The exposition some portion of your application is the most critical. Some state it's an issue of substance, however others point to the organization and composing methods. So on the grounds that you can see, the enlistment strategy is very simple and justifiable, so there are no problems or stunt to do that effectively. So don't stop for a second to download and exploit our samples.</p> <h 2> New Step by Step Roadmap for High School Scholarship Essay Samples</h2> <p>You may investigate our Essay Outline Template to guide you in the presentation of such record. Energy and explicit subtleties will let you create an incredible article. Conceptualize to produce some good thoughts and make a layout that will assist you with getting moving. Be sure that your exposition is perfectly composed, and that there's a lot of void area' on the website page. </p> <h2> High School Scholarship Essay Samples - What Is It? </h2> <p>If you're requesting a grant, chances are you're probably going to ought to form an exposition. There are different approaches to start a paper and you should simply to utilize one that can gracefully the best effect on the people who will survey your grant exposition. Getting aware of basic article botches and the best approach to fix them can assist you with creating an amazing grant exposition. </p> <p>Online budgetary guide assets may furnish you with grant exposition models that will have the option to assist you with composing an amazingly engaging article. There are different letter records and paper models that are utilized in the subject of training. There are bunches of spots to begin your quest for grant exposition models. That implies you can arrange for our secondary school grant article models without waiting be stressed over your private data. </p> <h2> The High School Scholarship Essay Samples Cover Up </h2> <p>The article is the underlying impression and conceivably the main time you'll get the opportunity to give an impression of what your identity is. Having us to address any of the issues that you may confront when thinking of grant article themes will be savvy for you. Tragically, my story isn't one of a kind. Simply being considered to present an application for a grant is as of now a joy and an accomplishment that you should be s atisfied with. </p> <p>You don't have to have the absolute best composing aptitudes as an approach to be imaginative and make a successful paper. It's profoundly recommended that you diagram an article from the start before at long last composing its genuine substance. Composing a secondary school article on the off chance that you have the tips about how to do exposition successfully. For me, composing expositions is anything but a straightforward errand. </p> <p>Simply, the meat of the exposition was not there. A paper blueprint will permit you to arrange the general structure of your article. Since you may see, this is a completely unique way to deal with create a paper. The paper is your chance to exhibit how you are the ideal agent. </p> <p>Elaborate the data that you need to talk about and be certain they're introduced in like manner. Accordingly, you don't should be worried about your private data at whatever point you request with us. The other data will be suggested. There's similarly as much information to stay away from however. </p> <p>It's unimaginably critical that you stay inside the mentioned word limit controlled by grant supports. Some grant sources need you to join their association. Attempt to recall, outwardly the envelope, list the name of the specific grant you're asking about. A few colleges and associations set a specific arrangement, yet others flexibly you with the opportunity to crea te your own. </p>

Drug Testing And The Workplace - 1394 Words

In many years, companies adopted many programs to monitor substance abuse in the workplace. The implementation of drug testing by companies grew in recent years. American workers have seen a dramatic increase in the use of drug testing in the previous years. Drug testing is implemented to assure safe workplaces for American workers. Drug testing can reduce the company’s health care and insurance costs. Even though drug testing has become common in the workplace, there is little research that exists regarding this matter. Overall, drug testing affects the decisions of workers by adopting a â€Å"zero tolerance† policy. Experienced users try to beat these tests by using drug to cancel the tracking of the drug itself. These workers attempt to avoid the detection of drug use for long periods (Borack, 1995). Literature implies that employee drug use in the workplace may create high costs to firms in the form of lower productivity, increased absences, and an increase in workplace accidents. As a response to these costs, employers have implemented a variety of policies and programs to decrease employee drug use. Educational programs and standards such as â€Å"Zero Tolerance† policies, employers have turned to drug testing programs more in the past decades. About 46 percent of American workers report that their employer conducts drug testing, although other sources indicate that 90 percent of Fortune 200 companies use some type of drug testing (Flynn 1999). The factor behind workplace drugShow MoreRelatedDrug Testing in the Workplace1739 Words   |  7 PagesDrug Testing in the Workplace: A Costly Mistake Abstract The issue of drug testing in the workplace has sparked an ongoing debate among management. There are many who feel that it is essential to prevent risks to the greater public caused by substance abuse while on the job. However, others believe that the costs far outweigh the benefits and that it is an invasion of privacy. Putting all ethical issues aside, evidence presented in this paper supports the latter. The costs of drug testing areRead MoreDrug Testing in the Workplace1281 Words   |  6 PagesDrug Testing in the Workplace Thesis statement: Administering a drug and alcohol policy can be challenging, but it can also be beneficial to the manufacturing company. I. Administering a drug and alcohol policy can be challenging. A. The company must comply with State and Federal laws when administering the drug and alcohol policy. B. The company must make sure the implementation of the test is done in a uniform manner. C. Some employees may bring law suits against the employerRead MoreDrug And Alcohol Testing On The Workplace1663 Words   |  7 PagesDrug and Alcohol Testing in the Workplace Due: Monday Dec 1, 2014 COMM-220-F Rebecca Walsh By Brett Tate and Brandon Bracko November 17, 14 Introduction People often question drug and alcohol testing in the work place. It is a controversial subject that has a range of mixed emotions. But where do you draw the line when it comes to crossing the boundaries of prying into one’s personal life? This report will explain the legal, and ethical issues surrounding the topic of drug and alcohol testing inRead MoreThe Effects Of Drug Testing On The Workplace1540 Words   |  7 Pagesinterview for a job, received a call that they were hired, and then heard their future employer say that they will have to do a drug test before they can start this new job? â€Å"Although many people think that illegal drugs such as marijuana, heroin, cocaine and other street drugs became a problem for youth in the 1960’s the truth of the matter is that there has always been a drug problem in the United States when it comes to substance abuse†(testcountry.org). This past summer I had an interview at RusselRead MoreDrug Testing in the Workplace Essay2964 Words   |  12 PagesDrug Testing in the Workplace Throughout recent years, applicant drug testing has become one of the most prevalently used strategies by many organizations to control substance abuse in the workplace. Drug testing is a selection tool used by organizations to determine whether or not an individual has previously used drugs and/or alcohol. Most employers find that drug testing, if done correctly, is a worthwhile investment associated with increased workplace safety, lower absenteeism, fewer on-the-jobRead More Drug Testing in the Workplace Essay3750 Words   |  15 Pages   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Drug testing has become a very big issue for many companies. Approximately eighty-one percent of companies in the United States administer drug testing to their employees. Of these, seventy-seven percent of companies test employees prior to employment. Even with the commonality of drug testing, it is still a practice that is generally limited to larger corporations which have the financial stability, as well as the human resources to effectively carry out a drug testing program. In the UnitedRead MoreDrug Testing and Issues of Privacy at the Workplace753 Words   |  3 PagesDrug Testing Issues of Privacy Drug Testing Issues of Privacy Drug testing in the workplace is a touchy issue for both employers and employees. Employers who drug test current and potential employees do so for several reasons. There are some industries and tasks which are very sensitive because of the material used, or the processes involved in the work, or because the work concerns matters of national security. There are numerous practical reasons for employers to test employees for illegalRead MoreDrug Testing For Workplaces And Government Help891 Words   |  4 PagesRunning head: DRUG TESTING Drug Testing: Drug Testing in all Work Places Cassandra C. Shaffer Dabney S. Lancaster Community College ADJ 211, Criminal Law, Evidence and Procedures I 04 September 2016 Abstract â€Æ' Drug Testing for Workplaces and Government Help 1. Definition of the Problem In today’s time and age, you have many work places that do have drug testing but in others you do not have any. The people that do drugs and have a job think that it is okay to do what they are doingRead MoreAgainst Drug Testing In The Workplace Essay1752 Words   |  8 PagesAbstract The issue of drug testing in the workplace has sparked an ongoing debate among management. There are many who feel that it is essential to prevent risks to the greater public caused by substance abuse while on the job. However, others believe that the costs far outweigh the benefits and that it is an invasion of privacy. Putting all ethical issues aside, evidence presented in this paper supports the latter. The costs of drug testing are excessive and only a small percentage of employeesRead MoreEssay about Drug Testing in the Workplace1829 Words   |  8 Pagesensure the safety of all our employees in the latex factory, we ask that you pee in to this plastic cup.† While this may not be the best way to bring about a company’s drug testing policy to a new hire, the fact remains that in most every position today, if no urine sample is given, it translates into â€Å"no job for you!† Drug testing, a once rare and uncommon policy, is now among many employers a requi rement for any new or existing job position. Although seen by some as an infringement on one’s constitutionally

Essay Writing on Rush Hour Similarities and Difference in the Movie Goodfellas

Essay Writing on Rush Hour Similarities and Difference in the Movie GoodfellasYou may wonder why you should write a research paper for your essay writing on rush hour similarities and difference in the movie, Goodfellas. You may find that you have much to offer your professor if you write about your thoughts about this movie.There are several reasons that people should write an essay on the similarities and difference in the Goodfellas and student life. First of all, it is a much better way of studying. It will help you learn more about the topic without actually trying to cram anything in your head.It is also a great tool to point out the points that other students are missing. If you are too lazy to go through the movie and take notes, then just write about what you have seen. As a student, you should know how to apply these things and learn more about it. Even though you do not want to have to read every single page of the essay, you can use some of your research notes as guidelin es for your essay.Another thing that you will be able to highlight is the point that the movie does not offer much information on the important difference between the student life and the crime story. With the amount of people that you have in your class, there are a lot of time to talk about your life and what you have learned from it.With this essay, you may also want to point out the similarities and differences that you have noticed between Goodfellas and your life. Remember that when doing this, you need to be thorough about what you find. You should not only be focusing on the similarities, but also the differences between the two situations.Another idea of essay writing onrush hour similarities and difference in the movie Goodfellas is to write about how you think the characters in the movie should react. What you write should be based on your personal experience and observation. However, you should not just blindly copy the way that other students wrote.You can use both your personal experiences and your analysis of the way that others reacted in the Goodfellas. You can not only draw a parallel between the movie and your life, but you can also turn them into a great essay.You may also want to point out how the characters in the Goodfellas can relate to you. The movie focuses a lot on the lives of many different people, so you can possibly find a character in the movie that can relate to you.

A Look at the Advantages of Using Stanford Roommate Essay Samples

A Look at the Advantages of Using Stanford Roommate Essay SamplesStanford roommate essay samples are some of the best resources for individuals seeking assistance in writing a compelling roommate essay. The material presented is developed by coaches and professional authors who will be able to help you navigate your way through the tricky waters of crafting a really strong roommate essay.The essays are based on a six-question research and analysis tool, developed by the student's ability to answer questions about themselves and their friends. Students are required to analyze a variety of things that pertain to the topic at hand, and use this data to help define their role as a roommate. Ranging from the core value of friendship, to the value of a roommate in terms of the emotional ties that exist between two people who live together, the traits and characteristics of a good roommate are examined in a variety of topics.Writing a compelling roommate essay can be an extremely difficult process. However, with the help of Stanford roommate essay samples, you will find that this process is made much easier. After all, it can be quite challenging to create a guest article for a class paper, or even a college research paper that features such unique and valuable resources.The research and analysis tools are a great tool for assisting you in formulating the best topic. However, many students do not understand how to utilize these tools correctly. For instance, the questions to ask yourself and the data that you need to gather are specific and cannot be simply answered in general. The resulting paper that you produce must incorporate both the questions that you asked yourself, and the information that you gathered from gathering this information.You also need to know that creating a college roommate essay is not an easy task. Creating a quality written assignment requires knowledge, education, and comprehension of a wide range of topics, so that you can identify your top ic within the scope of the research.College confidential is a college study guide used by teachers and students who want to gain knowledge that will serve them well in class. For example, students may want to find out how to determine the impact of a change in the number of students living in a college dorm. Or perhaps a college student may want to know how to calculate the potential amount of wasted time each year by students who spend too much time studying.It is important to note that the Stanford roommate essay sample guide is not a substitute for a professor or teacher. It is a basic tool for a student who wants to learn how to create a quality assignment for the professor or student reading it. Students who want to get the most out of this tool will have to develop their own strategies to write a quality essay.When it comes to creating a great Stanford roommate essay, the knowledge that is presented in the college confidential guide will prove invaluable. By using the informat ion provided, you will be able to create a superior written assignment that will have your professor or teacher raving about your class. Now that's a testament to what this guide can do!

E Payment Free Essays

Chapter 1. Introduction 1. 1 Electronic payment systems and their place in electronic commerce 1. We will write a custom essay sample on E Payment or any similar topic only for you Order Now 1. 1 E-commerce and electronic payment systems 1. 1. 2 Limitations of traditional payment systems in the context of online payments 1. 1. 3 The need for new payment systems designed for e-commerce 1. 2 User acceptance: understanding and issues 1. 3 Research objectives 1. 4 Research scope 1. 4. The role of electronic payments in customer e-commerce activities 1. 4. 2 Approach and methodology Chapter 2. Classification and characteristics of electronic payment systems 2. 1 Classification of payment systems 2. 1. 1 Introduction 2. 1. 2 Primary classification of payment systems 2. 1. 3 Further classification of account-based systems 2. 1. 4 Further classification of electronic cash systems 2. 1. Payment mediation services vs. payment systems 2. 2 Identifying the characteristics of payment systems 2. 3 Advantages and limitations of payment models 2. 3. 1 Advantages and limitations of the electronic cash model 2. 3. 2 Advantages and limitations of the acount-based model 2. 5 Conclusions Ch apter 3. User survey of electronic payment systems 3. 1 User acceptance of electronic payment systems 3. 2 Survey of users’ attitudes towards characteristics of payment systems 3. 2. 1 Survey participants . 2. 2 Questionnaire design and analysis 3. 2. 3 Survey results and discussion 3. 2. 4 Implications for user acceptanc Introduction 1. 1 Electronic payment systems and their place in electronic commerce In the early 1990s the business and consumer world encountered a new way of conducting trade business, which was named electronic commerce (e-commerce). Over the years electronic commerce has evolved into a popular and acknowledged way of conducting business. While researchers are still trying to understand it and gauge its importance and turnover, e-commerce is changing and growing incredibly quickly, producing such extraordinary results from both business and customer perspective that its phenomenon cannot be overlooked by anyone who has ever thought of conducting business, whether in online or offline environments. With many organisations and people labouring in the field of e-commerce it has become very clear that ecommerce is here to stay and organisations and customers are trying to get maximum benefit from it. E-commerce has become especially important in two interrelated dimensions, namely business-to-consumer (B2C) and business-to-business (B2B) e-commerce. Business to-consumer e-commerce is enabling customers to have an increasing influence on products created, how products are customised, and how services are delivered. Ecommerce offers customers convenient shopping methods for products, information and services, electronic banking, and personal finance management. It is making it easier for consumers to find the desired products and services, match them more precisely to their requirements, and compare prices, (Vulkan, 2003). Several business models have been developed to support various customers’ needs, among them are online portals, content providers, transaction brokers and community creators. For business-to-business relations e-commerce facilitates the form of organisation where companies rely on suppliers and product distribution to respond more effectively to the changing market and customers demand and to achieve more efficient operation. This type of e-commerce relationships offers organisations the possibility to work in the direct contact with producers, giving more room for customization and control over business activities. This helps to reduce the costs significantly by removing ‘middlemen’ from the supply chain. Good examples of companies that employ this business model are Dell and Cisco, (Guttmann, 2003; Laudon Traver, 2002). Consequences that e-commerce brings for business-to-business relationships are eliminating inventory, and operational and distributional costs that indirectly provide customers with lower prices. E-commerce can help businesses to increase production flexibility by ensuring timely availability of components from suppliers, to improve quality of the products by increasing cooperation between buyers and sellers and reducing quality issues, to increase opportunities for collaborating with suppliers and distributors, and to create greater price transparency — the ability to see the actual prices on the market, (Laudon Traver, 2002). In this way e-commerce responses to the customer demand of lower prices and greater convenience. 1. 1. 1E-commerce and electronic payment systems The most popular definition of e-commerce is based on the online perspective of the conducted business. E-commerce provides the capability of buying and selling products, information and services on the Internet and other online environments. As for any trading activity, the issue of safe and reliable money exchange between transacting parties is essential. In an e-commerce environment, payments take the form of money exchange in an electronic form, and are therefore called electronic payments. Electronic payments are an integral part of e-commerce and are one of its most critical as pects. Generally defined, electronic payment is a form of a financial exchange that takes place between the buyer and seller facilitated by means of electronic communications. An e-commerce electronic payment is a financial exchange that takes place in an online environment, (Kalakota Whinston, 1997). Electronic payment systems (EPSs) are summoned to facilitate the most important action after the customer’s decision to pay for a product or service – to deliver payments from customers to vendors in a most effective, efficient and problem-free way. The role of e-commerce electronic payment systems is pivotal for future of ecommerce, whose further growth depends on the timely development of EPSs. The development of new types of e-commerce purchasing relationships and business models has created the need for new ways of money exchange and new EPSs. For instance, online auctions, (Ribbers Heck, 2004), has spurred the necessity for personto- person payment systems to allow online money exchange between individuals. Certain types of information products and services require small payments and micropayments. Businesses would like to sell information content that costs very little, accumulating revenues with high turnover. E-commerce EPSs can be designed for selling specific types of products, for example for trading copyrighted online content, such as music. Another unforeseen earlier requirement is conducting e-commerce using wireless mobile devices, such as mobile phones or personal digital assistants (PDA). The need for paying with mobile devices has urged the development of payment systems for mobile electronic commerce, (Laudon Traver, 2002). In addition, ecommerce provides the possibility to enhance current payment systems or substitute them with online variants. The need for online payments was first addressed by using extant payment methods of the offline world for online payments. For example credit cards, originally intended as an offline credit instrument, have become the major payment instrument for ecommerce. As e-commerce and online purchasing grows, the weaknesses of credit and debit cards, and cheques are becoming more apparent. These limitations are discussed in section 1. . 2. The lack of the fit-for purpose payment mechanisms and infrastructure is one of the main restricting factors that hold back the growth and evolution of ecommerce, (Guttmann, 2003; Laudon Traver, 2002; O’Mahony, Peirce, Tewari, 1997). 1. 1. 2 Limitations of traditional payment systems in the context of online payments Three factors are stimulating the development of electronic payment systems: reduced operational and payments pr ocessing costs, growing online commerce and decreasing the costs of technology, (Kalakota Whinston, 1997). Reduction of costs is one of the major reasons for research and development of EPSs. The central impetus for ecommerce and e-business is to provide a more efficient service, primarily in terms of costs. In this light, paying online with traditional payment systems such as credit cards is rather paradoxical, given that credit cards are one of the most expensive of all available mainstream payment means for both end consumers and merchants, defeated perhaps only by paper checks, (Lietaer, 2002; Laudon Traver, 2002). Several limitations of traditional payment systems in the context of e-commerce can be outlined. Existing payment systems, such as credit cards, are inadequate for retail customer digital business from the following viewpoints: Lack of usability. Existing payment systems for the Internet require from the end user to provide a large amount of information, or make payments using complex elaborated web site interfaces. E. g. credit card payments via a web site are not the easiest way to pay, as these require entering extensive amounts of personal data and contact details in a web form, (Kalakota Whinston, 1997). Lack of security. Existing payment systems for the Internet are an easy target for stealing money and personal information. Customers have to provide credit card or payment account details and other personal information online. This data is sometimes transmitted in an un-secured way, (Kalakota Whinston, 1997). In practice this happens even in spite of introduction of secure transactions mechanisms, such as Secured Socket Layer. Providing these details by mail or over the telephone also entails security risks, (Guttmann, 2003; Laudon Traver, 2002). Lack of trust. Users tend not to trust existing systems with the long history of fraud, misuse or low reliability, as well as novel systems without established positive reputation. In the present situation, money loss by customers is quite possible when using existing payment systems, such as credit cards, for Internet payments. Potential customers often mention this risk as the key reason why they do not trust a payment service and therefore do not make Internet purchases, (Lietaer, 2002). Lack of applicability. Not all web sites support a particular payment method, thus limiting customers’ ability to pay. Credit cards work only with merchants who have signed-up to the services of the corresponding credit card company, and do not support direct business-to-business or interpersonal payments, (Kalakota Whinston, 1997). Lack of eligibility. Not every potential customer with money and intention to pay can make use of certain payment methods. Not all potential buyers can obtain credit cards due to credit history limitations, low income or other reasons, (ibid). Lack of efficiency. Some payments over the Internet can be too small to be handled by existing payment systems, because of overheads included in the processing of payments and transaction. Credit cards are too expensive for effecting small payments and are unsuited for small transactions. The minimum fixed fee charged to the retailer for processing a transaction could even surpass the value of the goods sold, (Guttmann, 2003). High usage costs for customers and merchants. Existing payment systems use a rather expensive infrastructure to facilitate the payment process. Credit cards are very expensive for end users, not in the least because of the enormous and growing size of fraud, which amounts to billions dollars per year. This loss is invisibly re-financed by users by the higher costs of credit card services. In addition, credit card payments are still heavily paper-dependent. Most credit card bills are sent in a paper form to customers by post, and the bills are mostly settled by posting paper documents, like checks of giro payments, which makes the whole cycle rather expensive. As mentioned above, this means that resources employed in processing of credit cards transactions render them rather ineffective for small payments, because the high overhead of credit cards, (Laudon Traver, 2002; Guttmann, 2003). In online credit card payments credit cards are not physically available for inspection by the payee, (this situation is referred as ‘card not present’). This imposes higher charges for merchants, because the chance of fraud is higher; see section 2. 1. 3 for more discussion. Credit cards have low finality of payments because users can refute or repudiate credit cards payments in certain situations. Moreover, financial regulations in certain countries, e. g. in the USA and the UK, place the risks of repudiation, fraud, or non-payment largely on the merchant and issuing banks, (Laudon Traver, 2002; APACS, 2002). These issues make credit cards less attractive to merchants. Certain authentication schemes, e. g. Verified by Visa and SecureCode from MasterCard allow to shit fraud liability from merchant to credit cards issuing banks, and can ease this burden for merchants, (see www. verifiedbyvisa. com and www. mastercard. com). However, end users can found themselves paying more for the cards issued by the banks to refinance bank’s losses due to fraud. There are more concerns related to the credit card use in online e-commerce that are responsible for reluctant users acceptance of credit cards and e-commerce. According to the report published by marketing research firm IDC, (Asmussen, Raschke, Arend, 2002), almost half of European users of the Internet do not buy goods online because they either do not trust the Web merchants or fear their credit card details will not be secure. According to analysts, total credit card fraud rose to $4 billion in 2002 (i. e. $2 for every card issued). Industry estimates that the amount of online credit card fraud could be in the $5oo million range, (Laudon Traver, 2002). Authorities believe that hackers have stolen more than one million credit card numbers from E-commerce sites. It would not be a surprise that many customers use their credit cards with reservations. A survey by Visa of 15 Banks from 12 EU countries in 2002 found that online credit card payments account for nearly half of all complaints. More than one in five of these came from people who had not even shopped on the Internet, but were billed for online transactions, (Philippsohn Thomas, 2003). Privacy issues are also associated with the use of existing payment systems. There are cases when users’ identities (i. e. personal data such as credit card numbers, names and addresses) were stolen when hackers break into websites’ databases and obtain personal information of the customers. Fraudsters then attempt to use this information to open new credit and bank accounts using the stolen identity, (Philippsohn Thomas, 2003). These and other issues with existing payment systems such as credit cards render them not very suitable for online payments. 1. 1. 3 The need for new payment systems designed or e-commerce Despite that electronic commerce is a growing phenomenon, its future development is, to a large extent, hampered by the lack of appropriate payment systems. Since most of business-to-consumer payments over the Internet are performed currently via credit cards, an admittedly problematic payment medium due to costs, security and trust problems, the need for new payment systems clearly emerges from the existing situation, (Lynch Lundqui st, 1996; Wayner, 1997; Laudon Traver, 2002; Guttmann, 2003). Research and development in Internet-based payments tried to resolve this situation by conjuring numerous online EPSs, a good proportion of which has been put to use. This was possible due to the stimulating factors listed above, and in the first place due to the availability and reduced costs of the enabling technology. However, the new payment systems, purposely crafted for the Internet, also could not avoid their own share of problems. This has led to the reluctant use of new online electronic payment systems, i. e. esulted in low user acceptance of newly introduced payment systems by customers, (see section 1. 2). User acceptance of electronic payment systems At this stage the situation with the development of online EPSs is far from ideal. A survey on electronic money developments by the Bank for International Settlement reports a rather low level of EPSs use, even in the most advanced countries, (BIS, 2000). According to the European Central Bank, the proportion of online payme nts among cashless payment instruments in the European Union is rather low. The report admits that although there has been a lot of discussion on the use of EPSs and their importance â€Å"it is still not a widely used medium†, (ECB, 2001). The lack of customer demand, the diversity of technological standards and the lack of support by financial institutions are mentioned among the reasons preventing the development of electronic payment systems, (ECB, 2003). Some experts estimate that about 85% of all Internet transactions are done with credit cards that were not originally designed for the Internet, (Philippsohn Thomas, 2003). According to a survey by marketing research firm Jupiter Research, credit cards are still the dominant payment method for online purchases, accounting up to 95% of online transactions in the United States, (Jupiter Media Metrix, 2000). This demonstrates still low user acceptance of alternative electronic payment systems, designed specifically for e-commerce. 1. 2User acceptance: understanding and issues End user acceptance of such sensitive technology as money-circulating payment systems is the critical key aspect of the whole path of payment systems’ establishment. Without such acceptance no technology can successfully exist on the market, and payment systems are not an exception. According to Dillon Morris (1996) user acceptance is â€Å"the demonstrable willingness within a user group to employ information technology for the tasks it is designed to support†. This definition can be enhanced with the understanding that the user perception of information technology (IT) can be influenced by objective characteristics of technology, as well as by human factors and interaction with other users and related parties. For example, the social information processing model (SIPM), (Salancik Pfeffer, 1978), suggests that attitudes towards technology are influenced by opinions, information, and behaviour of others. User acceptance is a pivotal factor determining the success or failure of any information system project, (Davis, 1993). Many studies on information technology report that user attitudes and human factors are important aspects affecting the success of an information system, (Davis, 1989, Burkhardt, 1994, Rice Adyn, 1991). The arguments in section 1. and in the following paragraphs suggest that this is the case also with EPSs. Besides SIPM, a well-known approach to explaining and modelling user acceptance is the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), (Davis, 1989). TAM suggests that users formulate attitudes toward the technology that depends on whether they perceive the IT to be useful and easy to use. However, TAM does not take into account other factors that may be critical to user acceptanc e or rejection of such specific technology as EPSs, such as security, trust, privacy and involved risks. Extending the SIPM assumption, user acceptance of online EPSs could be affected by a number of factors and parties, creating a broader sense of the social context of EPSs in the Internet environment. User experience with an EPS can be influenced or manipulated by various aspects, such as marketing, publicity, the reputation of the bank behind the system, trust towards the company operating the system and technology behind the system, and convenience of the user interface, see also Guttmann (2003), Kalakota Whinston (1997), Egger (2003). Figure 1. attempts to illustrate the social context in which parties and factors could possibly influence user perception and experience with electronic payment systems. These parties and factors should be taken into consideration when exploring issues of user acceptance of online EPSs. They are either required for a successful operation of a payment system (banks), its promotion (marketing organisations), or monitor and regulate its operation (gover nment). For example, the company operating the payment service will have to address users’ concerns about security, privacy and trust. Users can be influenced in their experience by other parties than the operator itself, e. g. the bank or financial institution that facilitates the payment transactions, see Figure 1. 1. Customers can be influenced by the user interface, or by other parties involved in the payment service, such as technical partners. Since e-commerce EPSs operate in the Internet environment, the reputation and impression of the system can be easily communicated to other users via online communities, creating yet another social impact on the system. Therefore, social influences, e. g. opinions and behaviour of other users, like family and friends, and reputation of banks and the parties involved, should be taken into account for user acceptance of EPSs. This argument can be supported by above-mentioned SIPM, (Salancik Pfeffer, 1978). Issues such as trust, usability, applicability, security, and convertibility are extremely important because they can influence subsequent decisions of people whether to use a payment system or not. There are several obstacles to user acceptance of EPSs: developers not only have to sell the service to potential users, they also have to convince the users to entrust their money to a third party institution, to rely on the payment system in their business and personal finance, and to use it frequently for convenience, reliability, specific applications, services and for a variety of other reasons. To achieve this high standard of user acceptance, the creators of a payment system should bear in mind user-related factors from the very beginning of the conception of the payment system. Designing for user acceptance of online electronic payment systems is thus the main issue put forward by research described in this thesis. An open challenge remains for designers and developers of novel Internet-based payment systems to meet user expectations, requirements, preferences and needs in design and operation of the systems. Resolving these issues is critical for the development and operation of new payment systems and future growth of e-commerce. 1. 2. 1User factors in payment technology The importance of user-related factors can be demonstrated in the example of the notorious problem of security of information systems. There are thousands of security mechanisms, matched with a growing number of hacks and security breaches, (Flynn, 2001, p. 61). However, the nature of security issues is changing with the constant improvement of information technology. While security technology is becoming increasingly sophisticated and tamper-proof, experts in information security admit that user factors are the most important issues for security problems. The vast majority of all security issues in IT environments is caused or assisted by users inside organisations, rather than hackers and other utsiders. Security experts know many stories about people exchanging their passwords, or IT managers attaching notes with logins and passwords to their monitors, or about hackers finding these notes in the trash. To avoid this kind of mistakes, experts are talking about enforcing security policies in organisations, to be able to address user-related factors in security, (Flynn, 2001). Therefore, security practices have embr aced user-related factors. This example helps to illustrate the importance of user-related factors in the design and operation of information systems. The following example illustrates a failure of a payment system due to neglecting to focus on user and market needs. The Chipknip â„ ¢ and Chipper â„ ¢ smart card payment technologies, (Nannery, 1998), were introduced in the Netherlands in early 90s. Both systems were intended to provide a way of paying small amounts in everyday transactions, which people would normally pay with cash. However, these two systems competed with each other for some time, being incompatible, so customers could not pay with the competitor’s card at certain shops, (BIS, 2001). Eventually, this created problems of interoperability and limited the user base for both systems. Another obstacle was that the card readers were installed in shops where people already had another method of payment – debit cards, which worked very effectively and efficiently and which were used by most people for all kinds of payments. In a way, Chipknip and Chipper duplicated the functions and applications of debit cards. On the other hand, the real need for Chipknip and Chipper for small payments at parking lots, vending, and public transport tickets machines was not met. A serious situation arose regarding the high costs of accepting Chipknip for merchants. As the result, the union of Small and Medium Enterprises in the Netherlands threatened to boycott Chipknip, (Het Financieele Dagblad, 2001). In this case, an important factor stimulating the development of EPSs was not met, namely the reduced operational and processing costs. Despite of a certain potential for uses acceptance of e-purse technology (Van Hove, 2004), this situation is changing slowly. All these issues led to a low acceptance of Chipper and Chipknip technologies. Chipper International decided to stop operations and support of Chipper in the Dutch market, (Libbenga, 2001; BIS, 2001); Chipper has fused with Chipknip, and while some issues have been addressed, the expected applications for this smart-card technology are yet to come. The example above helps to illustrate the complexity of human and marketing factors in the context of payment systems and their crucial influence on the eventual success of a payment system. Therefore, for successful design of electronic payment systems from the user perspective it is important to find out what user-related factors and systems’ aspects have the most direct impact on user acceptance and which of them can cause problems when neglected in design. 1. 3Research objectives 1. 4Research scope 1. 4. 1 The role of electronic payments in customer e-commerce activities The process of paying is an essential part of customers’ online buying activities. These activities are well described by the Consumer Mercantile Activities Model, (Kalakota Whinston, 1997). The model comprises prepurchase interaction, purchase consummation and postpurchase interaction phases. The payment activity takes place within the purchase consummation phase, Figure 1. 2. â€Å"The purchase consummation phase specifies the flow of information and documents associated with purchasing and negotiating with merchants for suitable terms, such as price, availability, and delivery dates; and electronic payment mechanisms that integrate payment into the purchasing process†, (Kalakota Whinston, 1997). The buyer arrives to payment activities after identifying products of services to be purchased. The buyer and seller conduct then a mercantile transaction. In a mercantile transaction the buyer and the seller exchange information followed by the necessary payment. The payment methods they use should be mutually negotiated and agreed on (ibid). Therefore, in order to conduct a successful e-commerce mercantile transaction the buyer should at least be willing to use the payment method offered by merchants. From this viewpoint, user acceptance of e-commerce EPSs is critical for the completion of the purchase consummation phase and the whole purchasing process. It can be therefore bserved that the payment process and the user involvement in it are highly important for e-commerce activities. Scope of payment systems Business-to-consumer Payment Systems This research is focused on user acceptance of new payment systems in consumer ecommerceenvironments. The main focus of the presented work is therefore Businessto- Consumer e-commerce EPSs, which are designed with the main purpose to f acilitate payments for consumer e-commerce. Taking into account the B2B systems would have made the scope too broad to handle within this research. Payment Systems designed for the Web Currently, consumer e-commerce is done mainly via the WWW (Web) service of the Internet. The market for conducting e-commerce payments via wireless PDAs, mobile phones and other Internet services is still under development, (Bohle, 2001a), and therefore does not have a wide user basis and usage experience. Thus, in the scope are Web-oriented online e-commerce EPSs and Web e-commerce applications. Scope of payment tasks Because the scope of the defined business relations is Business-to-Consumer, the payment tasks in the focus of this thesis are related to consumer e-commerce and trade of goods and services. In these tasks there should be at least one 1) business party involved and 2) one physical person, who is conducting purchasing activities in an ecommerce environment. Scope of target activities These activities include those that are related to buying goods and services, and essentially represent consumer e-commerce. The scope of these activities is embracing a significant and, arguably, the most important part of the consumer e-commerce represented by B2C relations. Purchasing goods: tangible, require shipping, intermediated (by shipping companies). Purchasing information and software: intangible, immediate, not intermediated (by shipping companies). Purchasing services: intangible/tangible, not always immediate, can be intermediated (by service companies). The following activities are therefore excluded from the scope because they are not in line with the defined scope of electronic payment systems, namely B2C consumer ecommerce. Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C) money payments and exchange. C2C payments do not belong to B2C e-commerce, (Figure 1. 3), e. g. personal auctions payments, debt settlement. Specific payment applications, for instance, gambling or adult-content sites. In this context the sites place specific requirements on B2C relations and userrelated factors, e. g. on privacy. Related activities Additional activities that have to be explored are the influence of pre- and postpurchase interaction phases, according to Kalakota and Winston (1997) on the user experience with a payment system on the whole. It is very likely that correct introduction,application and follow up of payment products and services in retail e-commerce are important for user acceptance of EPSs, and therefore the pre- and post-purchase interaction phases cannot be reasonably disregarded when investigating the payment process. The user experience within these phases could affect their decision as to whether to use the e-commerce service at all, without even arriving at the payment process itself. Amount of money The minimum amount of money within the scope was chosen to be above â‚ ¬2. This means excluding small and micropayments. The nature of payment tasks in case of micropayments is different from higher amounts. For instance, users may wish to automate this kind of payments to avoid the need to authorize a payment of â‚ ¬0. 01 every time, while with bigger amounts they are likely to have control over each transaction. Furthermore, different researches show that at this moment there is little market for services that support small and micropayments, (Bohle, 2001b). In the focus are therefore small to medium sized payments, e. g. from â‚ ¬2 to â‚ ¬1,000. The upper payment limit is set to â‚ ¬1,000 to indicate that highest amount within the scope of this research. The suggested range of payment amounts is typical for the current status of the domain and is similar to range of payments with existing offline EPSs, like credit, debit and smart cards, (Lelieveldt, 2001; Bohle, 2001a). Larger payments can be expected to raise different user acceptance issues, because of more user attention to risks, security, efficiency and other aspects of transactions with such amounts, (Humphrey, 1995). 1. 4. 2 Approach and methodology This research employs practices of the multidisciplinary scientific field of Human- Computer Interaction in order to research issues of user acceptance and user-related factors in online e-commerce electronic payment systems. Specifics of HCI research The nature of Human-Computer Interaction is such that it has to employ various scientific, research and design disciplines and cross borders between them for successful research. HCI is different from other disciplines in that it studies interaction between people and artificially created artefacts, and not an independent natural phenomenon, like in other disciplines. This complex nature of HCI and its research goals compel researchers to adopt both inductive and deductive approaches to science, as described in Mackay Fayard (1997). In the deductive approach the purpose is to generate a set of hypothesis that can explain real world phenomena. The scientist proposes a theory about a phenomenon, and formulates a hypothesis to be tested in an empirical research. In order to verify the hypothesis, an experiment is conducted, and with the revision of its results the theory is re-examined and an updated hypothesis is created. This approach is employed by the experimental study of this thesis. The inductive model aims to construct the most precise description of the real world, as opposed to explanation. The scientist observes phenomena in the real world without having a preconception or theory of what they are looking for. Then the scientist attempts to create a model of the world that explains the phenomena. By returning to the real world the model can be validated and changed if there are contradictions between the model and the studied phenomena. The qualitative study in this thesis employ this approach for requirements elicitation and creation of the design recommendations. The research process applied in this thesis, aimed to gain validated design knowledge, can be described as an iterative circular or spiral movement. This process is best described by Figure 1. 4, adapted from the work of Rauterberg (2000). This approach asserts to combine â€Å"analytical strength of empirical validation methods (e. g. , observation, experiment, inquiry, etc. with the synthetic strength of system design†. This triangle structure conceptualizes the three most important components of HCI research: â€Å"(1) the collection of ‘design relevant knowledge’, (2) the ‘interactive system’ in different possible representation forms, and (3) the several possibilities to represent a ‘user’ for (empirical) validation†, (ibid). The following sections describe how using diverse research activities hel ped to combine these components in the research reported in this thesis. Outline of the thesis The diagram in Figure 1. illustrates a combination of the research and design activities of this thesis. These activities included acquiring design knowledge on ecommerce EPSs, applying the knowledge to a commercial payment system designed by an industrial party, and empirical validation of the design knowledge. Chapter 2 presents a survey of literature on EPSs, which was necessary for understanding EPSs. The outcome this survey is a classification and a set of characteristics of EPSs. The importance of the characteristics of EPSs had to be confirmed with potential users of EPSs. Chapter 3 describes an investigation into the importance of the characteristics of EPSs to end users by means of a survey of consumer attitudes towards EPSs. The user survey helped to identify what characteristics should be given more attention in the design of EPSs. However, the knowledge about the importance of the characteristics did not inform how they should be realised in design of EPSs. To acquire a deeper understanding of these issues, a qualitative research in the form of a diary study was conducted, Chapter 4. The diary study aimed to understand how EPSs are experienced and perceived by users in the context of actual use and how EPSs can be designed to meet users’ needs. As the outcome of the diary study, implications for design of Internet-based payment systems have been derived and formulated as design recommendations. To ensure that the application of the design recommendations benefits user acceptance of EPSs, an experimental study was conducted, that is described in Chapter 5. This study helped to substantiate the validity of a subset of the design recommendations. It was hoped to find the ideal situation where it is possible to apply the hypothesised design knowledge to a real-life system, rather than testing them in the laboratory, in order to achieve high realism of the results. Due to the participation of industrial parties, this situation has become available. The experimental study involved two parts: 1) a real-life EPS was redesigned in accordance with the proposed DRs, 2) an experimental comparison of the redesigned system with the old one has indicated improvements of user attitudes in several aspects, thus demonstrating the validity of the design recommendations. Chapter 2 2. 1 Classification of payment systems 2. 1. 1 Introduction This chapter presents a framework for classification and characterising of electronic systems that facilitate paying in an e-commerce environment. This framework is an attempt to describe and to relate the wide variety of the payment systems, with more than 150 payment mechanisms invented worldwide. This chapter also presents a survey of literature on EPSs, which has been a necessary step for understanding payment systems. The outcome of this phase of the research is a classification and characterisation of electronic payment systems. . 1. 2 Primary classification of payment systems The principal classification of EPSs is based on the form of money representation and the principle of money transfer. Existing payment systems can be divided into two groups: electronic cash mechanisms (or electronic currency) and credit-debit systems, (Medvinsky Neuman, 1993). Electronic cash resembles conventional cash, when parties exchange electronic tokens that represent value, just as banknotes and coins determine the nominal value of conventional cash money. The credit-debit approach in the context of electronic payments means that money is represented by records in bank accounts, and this information is electronically transferred between parties over computer networks. Another terminological approach offered by Wayner (1997), based on the type of information that is exchanged, distinguishes between ‘account-based’ and ’token-based’ systems, which, respectively, corresponds to credit-debit systems and electronic cash in the definition of Medvinsky and Neuman. A similar distinction is found in Camp et al. 1995), who distinguish between notational and token forms of money. A different view on classification of EPSs is offered in Asokan et al. (1997), where payment mechanisms are classified based on the temporal sequence of money flows between the payer and receiver of the payments. Various attempts of classification of payment systems are also reported in Kuttner and McAndrews (2001), and Schreft (2002). These re ferences are aggregated into the classification of electronic payment systems, illustrated in Figure 2. , which was first reported in Abrazhevich (2001b). The figure illustrates the further classification of EPSs, described in the following sections. It provides examples of EPSs in each subcategory; some of these systems are described further in the text. The figure illustrates if the systems are only theoretical developments, that were only tested as limited pilots, and that have never been implemented for the commercial use. Payment mediation services that aggregate various EPSs in one payment infrastructure are described in section 2. 1. 5. 2. . 3 Further classification of account-based systems In the group of account-based systems, one can distinguish between 1) generic online EPSs that use simple account-based model for serving Internet payments, 2) systems that use the debit and credit cards model, and 3) specialized payment systems that, for instance, were designed for tradin g content online such as music. Some researchers consider credit cards systems as a separate group of payment models, (Medvinsky and Neuman, 1993), others consider them to be a variant of the credit-debit type. This classification adopts the latter distinction. The basic principle of account-based systems is that the exchange of money between accounts is maintained by a payment service provider. Users can authorize charges against their EPS accounts, as they would do with usual bank accounts, though the ways of authorization are different for various systems. With the debit approach, the customer maintains a positive balance of the account and money is subtracted when a debit transaction is performed. With the credit approach, charges are posted against the customer’s account and the customer is billed for this amount later or subsequently pays the balance of the account to the payment service. One of the most widely used systems for electronic payments is the debit card, which as the name suggest, is a clear example of a debit system, (Evans Schmalensee, 1999). Debit cards combine the service of Automatic Teller Machines (ATM) cards and cheques. When customers pay with a debit card, the money is automatically deducted from their checking bank account. In contrast with the credit cards, the spent money comes from the bank account directly. Many banks issue a combined ATM/debit card that looks like a credit card and can be used in places where credit cards are accepted. In this case, when users pay with a debit card, the payment will still be processed as a debit transaction. Other payment mechanisms that use the credit-debit model are Yahoo PayDirect, Pay- Pal. com, and theoretical payment projects like NetBill (Sirbu and Tygar, 1995), and NetCheque (Medvinsky and Neuman, 1993). A special group of account-based instruments that are currently in wide use are credit card systems. A great part of trade on the Internet is done using credit cards and these payment systems should not be overlooked. The biggest advantage of this approach is that the customers, who have already received credit cards offline, can use them directly for online payments. This also results in high scalability, as no additional installations are necessary. Credit cards provide a large customer base for merchants who accept them, thus their applicability is quite high. There are critical security issues associated with the use of credit cards in an online environment. When using credit cards over open networks, encryption mechanisms, such as widely used Secure Socket Lauer (SSL), in principle can prevent a hacker or eavesdropper from intercepting the customer’s credit card number. There are some schemes that even hide card numbers from the merchant, providing protection against intercepting the card details from merchant databases or against fraud by the merchant. Nevertheless, these incidents happen regularly (Caunter, 2001; IFCC, 2003; Wales, 2003). It is important to note, however, that without some form of customer registration with a payment service or substantial proofs of identity, credit cards can be very risky to pay with and can be easily abused. Even encrypted Internet credit card transactions do not include the owner’s signature, and anyone with knowledge of the customer’s credit card number and expiration date can create a payment order. An important aspect of credit card payments in the online world is referred to as card-not-present (CNP) transactions. CNP transactions are those where neither the card, nor its holder are present at the point of sale, e. g. in orders by mail, telephone, fax or the Internet. The buyer does not have to demonstrate the physical presence of the card, or the card and the buyer do not have to be co-located. This imposes issues with card validation, security and fraud. CNP transactions are widely used in mail order/telephone order purchasing (MOTO) which also do not require co-location of buyer and seller. To secure transactions of this type, credit card companies ask for additional information, such as name, address, etc. that can be used to verify their identity, for instance, if the ordered goods should be mailed to the billing address associated with the credit card. Other information often required is the additional 3-4 digits code, printed on the back side of the card and not present in the credit card number. Merchants ask the customer to read this code from the card in a card-not-present order. The merchant then asks for verification during the authorization process. The issuer (or credit card processor) validates the code and relays the decision to decline or approve the transaction to the merchant. Nevertheless, the MOTO transactions incorporate limited protection against credit card fraud. Credit card CNP transactions could sometimes employ even less identity verification information. Since no signature involved in CNP transactions, the buyers can opt out of any order, if they claim they did not agree with the purchase, (O’Mahony, Peirce, Tewari, 1997). The charges for orders cancellation are borne by merchants in the form of the higher costs for processing of CNP transactions. In addition, merchants could be liable for the whole amount of the disputed order, (APACS, 2002). Furthermore, because online payments are administered as standard credit card charges, the costs are too high to make this method unsuitable for payments below â‚ ¬1 and hence inefficient. Credit card companies are constantly lowering the minimum amount that can be paid to enable small payments, but charges for merchants still remain high. It should be also taken into account that cards are issued by banks and organisations, which after a screening, decide whether they can issue credit cards to certain customers. Customers with a low income, an imperfect credit history, might not be eligible for a credit card. This may restrict the customer base to a certain degree and limit user and merchant acceptance of credit cards as a payment method. 2. 1. 4 Further classification of electronic cash systems Electronic cash is stored in a digital form and serves as a cash substitute for the Internet or other information systems. Electronic cash represents value in some form and can be spent with merchants, who deposit money in their own accounts or can spend it in other places. It can be represented by electronic ‘bills’ and ‘coins’, certificates, packets of data, or electronic tokens in one form or another. When using electronic cash systems, customers purchase electronic digital tokens from the issuing company using a conventional payment system, e. g. credit cards, electronic checks, or even paper currency (for example, via a reverse automatic teller machine which accepts cash, or when purchasing prepaid cards). Some of the systems allow converting electronic cash back into another form of money (Medvinsky and Neuman, 1993), which is very important for convertibility of the systems. Another distinction amongst electronic cash systems is between those that use smart cards for the storage of tokens and those where tokens reside only on user’s accounts and computer networks. The former are often called electronic purses (e-purses), the latter are sometimes addressed as ‘online cash’ or ‘Web cash’. Examples of e-purse electronic cash systems are CAFE project, (Boly et al. , 1994) and Mondex (Martin, 1994). Tokens in these systems exist and travel in the computer environment,for example, on a currency server or customers’ hard disk. Mondex is a smart card payment system that was designed to enable person-to-person as well as Internet payments, (Van Hove, 1999, p. 141). The card can be used to make small payments, store personal and application-specific information, and serve as a telephone card. Web cash representatives are E-cash, E-gold, Millicent (Glassman Manasse, 1995), PayWord and MicroMint (Rivest Shamir, 1996), and NetCash system (Medvinsky and Neuman, 1993). It has to be noted that these systems are mostly theoretical work and have not been implemented on the market. Systems that employ smart cards e. g. Chipknip, Chipper in the Netherlands, Proton in Belgium, and Visa Cash can be also placed in the category of electronic cash and also called e-purses, however, in representing money they hardly use tokens. In this case, the numerical data stored on the card is changed when a payment takes place. Judged by the principle of the operation and use they act like electronic purses. The value is stored on a card and if the card is lost, the money is gone, in a fashion similar to cash. It has to be noted that smart cards like Chipknip are not principally designed for Internet payments and are used mainly at point-of-sale terminals. There have been nevertheless pilot tests of facilitating paying over the Internet with Belgian Proton smart card EPS, but the use of Proton on the Internet is now discontinued. An important development towards standardisation of e-purses is establishing Common Electronic Purse Specifications with the goal to define requirements needed to implement a globally interoperable electronic purse program, while maintaining full accountability, (see www. cepsco. org). CEPS, which were made available in March of 1999, outline overall system security and certification. Being established by the key parties in electronic purse cards, and supported by organisations from over 30 countries, CEPS paved the way for the creation of an open global electronic purse standard. For cardholders it means that they will be able to use their electronic purse cards domestically and internationally with the knowledge that the card will be accepted wherever the acceptance mark is displayed. Visa Cash is an example of CEPS implementation, (see www. visa. com). Prepaid card EPSs can be also included in the same category of electronic cash, because the principle of their work resembles the use of e-purses, such as Chipknip. Users can buy a prepaid card for a specified amount. Prepaid card systems are specifically designed for Internet payments. Users can pay with a prepaid card by entering on merchant sites the card’s unique number, which corresponds to the card’s nominal. The value of the card is decreased by the amount paid to the merchant. To better understand what issues that surround electronic payment systems, it makes certain sense to introduce a definition of payment mediation services, which use existing payment systems as mediators to provide extra services. 2. 1. 5 Payment mediation services vs. payment systems To further refine the focus of this research, we have to make one important distinction, which is between payment mediation services and payment systems. This distinction particularly makes sense in the context of electronic and Internet payment mechanisms. Payment mediating services have appeared as a response to the imperfection and inefficiency of current payment systems for the Internet. They extend the services of the existing systems and operate as mediators between merchant, payment systems and users. Their goal is to help merchants to accept as many payment systems users could possibly want to use when paying over the Internet. In payment mediation services the existing payment infrastructure from many payments providers is aggregated to provide broader services, or to overcome shortcomings of the available payment options. Figure 2. 2 describes the relations between merchants, EPSs and payment mediation services. The difference between payment mediation services and payment systems can be summarized in that a payment mediation service is as an intermediary between payer, business, and payment system, while there is no such middle tire for payment systems. The payment process in this case is transparent to the users of a site. A mediating service provider ‘intercepts’ payments from users, processes them, and credits the account of the owner of the site when the authorization and transactions are completed. For example, there are numerous companies among mediating services providers that facilitate acceptance and processing of various credit cards. A special class of payment mediation services has emerged, that provides convenience for paying bills for businesses and end users. An example of payment mediation services is providing bill payments for end users and companies, for instance, utilities or telephone bills. Over a Web front-end provided by the billing systems, customers and companies can pay bills that are normally paid offline by paper cheques or bank transfers. Some systems even provide additional services such as automated accounting merged with online payment facilities. Syndication of payment services Another angle on payment mediating systems is viewing them as a form of syndication of payment services in an online environment. The notion of syndication originates from the entertainment world, where it forms the fundamental organizing principle. With the advent of the ‘new economy’ and the use of the power of Internet distribution, syndication can be recognised as an emerging model for e-commerce. In this context syndication would mean selling the same information to many different customers, who render and integrate it with other information in various value-adding ways and then redistribute it. According to this principle, businesses involved can play three or more roles: originators who create original content; syndicators, who collect and package digital information to meet specific customers’ needs; and distributors who deliver digital content to customers, (Werbach, 2000). In the context of online payments, payment mediation services can be seen as syndicators of the original services offered by payment systems. Payment mediation services syndicate e-commerce EPSs, offering merchants the way to accept a variety of payment systems. Examples of payment mediation services A good illustration a payment mediation service is Bibit Billing Services (www. bibit. com). This Dutch company specializes in Internet payment and billing services. The service supported about 70 payment methods from 18 countries by 2004. When customers want to pay on a Web site of a Bibit’s client, they select one of the provided payment methods. The payment process goes as follows: 1. A customer selects products on sale in a virtual shop. 2. For payment, the customer is then redirected to Bibit Payment Service. 3. Within Bibit Payment Service, the customer can select a payment system he or she would like to pay with, provided it is supported by Bibit. The customer makes the payment with the system of his or her choice. 4. After a successful payment, Bibit notifies the merchant that the order can be shipped and transfers the money to the merchant. The processing of the transactions, which is conducted entirely by Bibit, is therefore transparent to the customers of the site and the client company. The company business model, which utilizes a number of payment systems, relies on providing extra services to facilitate payments, and therefore it fits into the definition of a mediating system. It is interesting to note that the service allows the use of micropayments, by accumulating charges for products like news, articles, stock and research reports, online games and charging users on a subscription basis. Examples of other payment mediation services are Orbiscom (www. orbiscom. com), iBill (Ibill. com), PayTrust, (www. paytrust. com), DataCash (www. datacash. com), PayNet (www. paynet. ch). Systems that conceal real customer’s credit card numbers by providing them a unique temporary card number for each transaction have gained certain popularity among payment mediation services. The customers can then use this unique number in a normal credit card transaction, and their real credit card will be charged. This temporary card number expires after every transaction and would not be approved for the subsequent use. The data of real credit cards of customers is not exposed to parties online in online transactions. In this case the payment mediation services are using credit cards infrastructure to provide extra security and anonymity (ABN-Amro e-wallet, O-Card by Orbiscom. com). By using these measures merchants expect to accept more secured payments without changing the way shoppers pay and without changing existing payment processes or infrastructure. The research summarized in this thesis is concerned mainly with payment systems and not with mediating solutions for existing payment infrastructure. Payment mediation services on the Internet emerged because of the absence of relevant payment solutions or have problems that prevent their successful use by merchants and users. Many of EPSs are probably transitory systems, unable to completely solve problems that appear in the context of the Internet paying process, because the problems originate in the payment systems they use; see discussion on PayPal. om in section 2. 4. While syndication of EPSs by payment mediation services provides in the end a better level of service than individual EPSs they use, it also places the payment mediation systems out of the scope of this research, which is exploring ways to design better individual EPSs. 2. 2 Identifying the characteristics of payment systems As observed in the example with Chipknip and Chipper in the previous chapter, there are a l ot of factors that determine the success or failure of payment systems, and not all of them are of technical nature. As mentioned already, user acceptance depends on many issues, such as consumer choice, preferences, advertisement, a state of the market, etc. The discussion of diverse aspects of electronic payment systems can be found in many works on development and research of payment systems. Attempts to classify and describe the requirements and characteristics of payment systems such as security, reliability, convertibility, efficiency, traceability, and others can be found, among others, in the works of Medvinsky Neuman (1995), Langdon et al. (2000), Lynch Lundquist (1996), Wayner (1997). It has to be noted however, that these studies are mainly focused on technical aspects of electronic payment systems, which is not the only facet that is important in this field. Below the characteristics of payment systems are extended to account for user-related aspects of EPSs. These characteristics can be also used for assessment of payment systems, as described further. The list of characteristics of payment systems Anonymity, privacy This characteristic reflects the desire of users to protect their privacy, identity and personal information. In some transactions, the identities of the parties could be protected by anonymity. Anonymity suggests that it is not possible to discover someone’s identity or to monitor an individual’s spending patterns. Where anonymity is important, the cost of tracking a transaction should outweigh the value of the information that can be obtained by doing so. As an illustration, when a customer pays with a debit card, the purchase is registered at the vendor and bank’s databases. It is possible to find out what amount was paid and what actually was purchased. Thus debit card payments are not anonymous. On the contrary, when one pays with cash at a shop or in a marketplace, no one can say by examining the cash that money came from the payer, as there is no direct information about this payer’s personality associated with the banknotes. Thus, cash is an anonymous payment system. Currently, the right of users to choose how their personal information is disclosed is viewed as privacy. There are privacy laws in several countries that limit usage of personal information by banks, authorities and other parties, including online businesses and payment systems, like European privacy acts or similar directives, e. . European Commission Data Protection Directive. Applicability The added value of a payment mechanism is dependent upon how useful it is for buying something. Applicability (or acceptability, as it is often referred in literature, (Medvinsky Neuman, 1995)) of a payment system is defined as the extent to which it is accepted for payments at points of sale, or at online e-com merce sites in this case. For instance, cash is accepted widely and virtually everywhere in the offline world and thus has a very high level of applicability. Debit cards and credit cards have a very high applicability, as one can pay with them in a variety of places. The applicability of a payment system may vary from country to country. For example, in Germany and in the Netherlands cheques are no longer common due to the steady growth of other payment methods. However, in the UK and the USA cheques are still quite a common method of payment and the level of their applicability is quite high. Authorization type Authorization type is referred in the literature as the form of a control over the validity of transactions, (Lynch and Lundquist, 1996; Asokan et al. 1997). The authorization type can be offline or online. Offline authorization means that users of the system can exchange money while not connected to a network, without a third party mediating for the transaction. Paper cheques are an illustration of offli How to cite E Payment, Essay examples